SQLAlchemy 核心 – 使用多个表

RDBMS 的重要特性之一是建立表之间的关系。可以对相关表执行 SELECT、UPDATE 和 DELETE 等 SQL 操作。本节使用 SQLAlchemy 描述这些操作。

为此，在我们的 SQLite 数据库 (college.db) 中创建了两个表。student 表的结构与上一节中给出的结构相同；而地址表具有st_id列，该列使用外键约束映射到学生表中的 id 列。

以下代码将在 College.db 中创建两个表 –

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table, Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey
engine = create_engine('sqlite:///college.db', echo=True)
meta = MetaData()

students = Table(
   'students', meta, 
   Column('id', Integer, primary_key = True), 
   Column('name', String), 
   Column('lastname', String), 
)

addresses = Table(
   'addresses', meta, 
   Column('id', Integer, primary_key = True), 
   Column('st_id', Integer, ForeignKey('students.id')), 
   Column('postal_add', String), 
   Column('email_add', String))

meta.create_all(engine)

上面的代码将转换为学生和地址表的 CREATE TABLE 查询，如下所示 –

CREATE TABLE students (
   id INTEGER NOT NULL,
   name VARCHAR,
   lastname VARCHAR,
   PRIMARY KEY (id)
)

CREATE TABLE addresses (
   id INTEGER NOT NULL,
   st_id INTEGER,
   postal_add VARCHAR,
   email_add VARCHAR,
   PRIMARY KEY (id),
   FOREIGN KEY(st_id) REFERENCES students (id)
)

以下屏幕截图非常清楚地展示了上述代码 –

这些表通过执行表对象的insert() 方法填充数据。要在学生表中插入 5 行，您可以使用下面给出的代码 –

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table, Column, Integer, String
engine = create_engine('sqlite:///college.db', echo = True)
meta = MetaData()

conn = engine.connect()
students = Table(
   'students', meta, 
   Column('id', Integer, primary_key = True), 
   Column('name', String), 
   Column('lastname', String), 
)

conn.execute(students.insert(), [
   {'name':'Ravi', 'lastname':'Kapoor'},
   {'name':'Rajiv', 'lastname' : 'Khanna'},
   {'name':'Komal','lastname' : 'Bhandari'},
   {'name':'Abdul','lastname' : 'Sattar'},
   {'name':'Priya','lastname' : 'Rajhans'},
])

借助以下代码在地址表中添加行–

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table, Column, Integer, String
engine = create_engine('sqlite:///college.db', echo = True)
meta = MetaData()
conn = engine.connect()

addresses = Table(
   'addresses', meta, 
   Column('id', Integer, primary_key = True), 
   Column('st_id', Integer), 
   Column('postal_add', String), 
   Column('email_add', String)
)

conn.execute(addresses.insert(), [
   {'st_id':1, 'postal_add':'Shivajinagar Pune', 'email_add':'[email protected]'},
   {'st_id':1, 'postal_add':'ChurchGate Mumbai', 'email_add':'[email protected]'},
   {'st_id':3, 'postal_add':'Jubilee Hills Hyderabad', 'email_add':'[email protected]'},
   {'st_id':5, 'postal_add':'MG Road Bangaluru', 'email_add':'[email protected]'},
   {'st_id':2, 'postal_add':'Cannought Place new Delhi', 'email_add':'[email protected]'},
])

请注意，addresses 表中的 st_id 列是指 Students 表中的 id 列。我们现在可以使用这个关系从两个表中获取数据。我们想从与addresses 表中的st_id 对应的students 表中获取name和lastname。

from sqlalchemy.sql import select
s = select([students, addresses]).where(students.c.id == addresses.c.st_id)
result = conn.execute(s)

for row in result:
   print (row)

选择对象将有效地转换为以下 SQL 表达式，连接两个表的公共关系 –

SELECT students.id, 
   students.name, 
   students.lastname, 
   addresses.id, 
   addresses.st_id, 
   addresses.postal_add, 
   addresses.email_add
FROM students, addresses
WHERE students.id = addresses.st_id

这将产生从两个表中提取相应数据的输出，如下所示 –

(1, 'Ravi', 'Kapoor', 1, 1, 'Shivajinagar Pune', '[email protected]')
(1, 'Ravi', 'Kapoor', 2, 1, 'ChurchGate Mumbai', '[email protected]')
(3, 'Komal', 'Bhandari', 3, 3, 'Jubilee Hills Hyderabad', '[email protected]')
(5, 'Priya', 'Rajhans', 4, 5, 'MG Road Bangaluru', '[email protected]')
(2, 'Rajiv', 'Khanna', 5, 2, 'Cannought Place new Delhi', '[email protected]')