SQLite – Perl
SQLite – Perl
在本章中,您将学习如何在 Perl 程序中使用 SQLite。
安装
SQLite3 可以使用 Perl DBI 模块与 Perl 集成,Perl DBI 模块是 Perl 编程语言的数据库访问模块。它定义了一组提供标准数据库接口的方法、变量和约定。
以下是在 Linux/UNIX 机器上安装 DBI 模块的简单步骤 –
$ wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/T/TI/TIMB/DBI-1.625.tar.gz $ tar xvfz DBI-1.625.tar.gz $ cd DBI-1.625 $ perl Makefile.PL $ make $ make install
如果您需要为 DBI 安装 SQLite 驱动程序,则可以按如下方式安装 –
$ wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/M/MS/MSERGEANT/DBD-SQLite-1.11.tar.gz $ tar xvfz DBD-SQLite-1.11.tar.gz $ cd DBD-SQLite-1.11 $ perl Makefile.PL $ make $ make install
DBI 接口 API
以下是重要的 DBI 例程,它们可以满足您从 Perl 程序使用 SQLite 数据库的要求。如果您正在寻找更复杂的应用程序,那么您可以查看 Perl DBI 官方文档。
Sr.No. | API & 描述 |
---|---|
1 |
DBI->connect($data_source, “”, “”, \%attr) 建立到请求的 $data_source 的数据库连接或会话。如果连接成功,则返回数据库句柄对象。 数据源的格式如下 – DBI:SQLite:dbname = ‘test.db’其中 SQLite 是 SQLite 驱动程序名称,test.db 是 SQLite 数据库文件的名称。如果文件名指定为‘:memory:’,它将在 RAM 中创建一个仅在会话期间持续的内存数据库。 如果文件名是实际设备文件名,则它会尝试使用其值打开数据库文件。如果不存在具有该名称的文件,则会创建具有该名称的新数据库文件。 您将第二个和第三个参数保留为空字符串,最后一个参数用于传递各种属性,如下例所示。 |
2 |
$dbh->do($sql) 此例程准备并执行单个 SQL 语句。返回受影响的行数或 undef 出错。返回值 -1 表示行数未知、不适用或不可用。这里,$dbh 是 DBI->connect() 调用返回的句柄。 |
3 |
$dbh->prepare($sql) 此例程为数据库引擎稍后执行准备一条语句,并返回对语句句柄对象的引用。 |
4 |
$sth->execute() 该例程执行执行准备好的语句所需的任何处理。如果发生错误,则返回 undef。无论受影响的行数如何,成功的执行总是返回 true。这里,$sth 是 $dbh->prepare($sql) 调用返回的语句句柄。 |
5 |
$sth->fetchrow_array() 此例程获取下一行数据并将其作为包含字段值的列表返回。空字段作为列表中的 undef 值返回。 |
6 |
$DBI::err 这等效于 $h->err,其中 $h 是任何句柄类型,如 $dbh、$sth 或 $drh。这将从上次调用的驱动程序方法返回本机数据库引擎错误代码。 |
7 |
$DBI::errstr 这等效于 $h->errstr,其中 $h 是任何句柄类型,如 $dbh、$sth 或 $drh。这将返回来自最后调用的 DBI 方法的本机数据库引擎错误消息。 |
8 |
$dbh->disconnect() 此例程关闭先前通过调用 DBI->connect() 打开的数据库连接。 |
连接到数据库
以下 Perl 代码显示了如何连接到现有数据库。如果数据库不存在,则将创建它并最终返回一个数据库对象。
#!/usr/bin/perl use DBI; use strict; my $driver = "SQLite"; my $database = "test.db"; my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database"; my $userid = ""; my $password = ""; my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 }) or die $DBI::errstr; print "Opened database successfully\n";
现在,让我们运行上面的程序在当前目录中创建我们的数据库 test.db。您可以根据需要更改路径。将上面的代码保存在 sqlite.pl 文件中,并按如下所示执行它。如果数据库创建成功,那么它将显示以下消息 –
$ chmod +x sqlite.pl $ ./sqlite.pl Open database successfully
创建表
下面的 Perl 程序用于在之前创建的数据库中创建一个表。
#!/usr/bin/perl use DBI; use strict; my $driver = "SQLite"; my $database = "test.db"; my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database"; my $userid = ""; my $password = ""; my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 }) or die $DBI::errstr; print "Opened database successfully\n"; my $stmt = qq(CREATE TABLE COMPANY (ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, NAME TEXT NOT NULL, AGE INT NOT NULL, ADDRESS CHAR(50), SALARY REAL);); my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt); if($rv < 0) { print $DBI::errstr; } else { print "Table created successfully\n"; } $dbh->disconnect();
执行上述程序时,它将在您的 test.db 中创建 COMPANY 表,并显示以下消息 –
Opened database successfully Table created successfully
注意– 如果您在任何操作中看到以下错误 –
DBD::SQLite::st execute failed: not an error(21) at dbdimp.c line 398
在这种情况下,打开DBD-SQLite 安装中可用的dbdimp.c 文件并找出sqlite3_prepare()函数并将其第三个参数更改为-1而不是 0。最后,使用make安装 DBD::SQLite并执行make install以解决问题。
插入操作
下面的 Perl 程序显示了如何在上面示例中创建的 COMPANY 表中创建记录。
#!/usr/bin/perl use DBI; use strict; my $driver = "SQLite"; my $database = "test.db"; my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database"; my $userid = ""; my $password = ""; my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 }) or die $DBI::errstr; print "Opened database successfully\n"; my $stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) VALUES (1, 'Paul', 32, 'California', 20000.00 )); my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr; $stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) VALUES (2, 'Allen', 25, 'Texas', 15000.00 )); $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr; $stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) VALUES (3, 'Teddy', 23, 'Norway', 20000.00 )); $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr; $stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) VALUES (4, 'Mark', 25, 'Rich-Mond ', 65000.00 );); $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr; print "Records created successfully\n"; $dbh->disconnect();
执行上述程序时,它将在 COMPANY 表中创建给定的记录,并显示以下两行 –
Opened database successfully Records created successfully
选择操作
下面的 Perl 程序显示了如何从上面示例中创建的 COMPANY 表中获取和显示记录。
#!/usr/bin/perl use DBI; use strict; my $driver = "SQLite"; my $database = "test.db"; my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database"; my $userid = ""; my $password = ""; my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 }) or die $DBI::errstr; print "Opened database successfully\n"; my $stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;); my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt ); my $rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr; if($rv < 0) { print $DBI::errstr; } while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) { print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n"; print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n"; print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n"; print "SALARY = ". $row[3] ."\n\n"; } print "Operation done successfully\n"; $dbh->disconnect();
执行上述程序时,将产生以下结果。
Opened database successfully ID = 1 NAME = Paul ADDRESS = California SALARY = 20000 ID = 2 NAME = Allen ADDRESS = Texas SALARY = 15000 ID = 3 NAME = Teddy ADDRESS = Norway SALARY = 20000 ID = 4 NAME = Mark ADDRESS = Rich-Mond SALARY = 65000 Operation done successfully
更新操作
以下 Perl 代码显示了如何使用 UPDATE 语句更新任何记录,然后从 COMPANY 表中获取并显示更新的记录。
#!/usr/bin/perl use DBI; use strict; my $driver = "SQLite"; my $database = "test.db"; my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database"; my $userid = ""; my $password = ""; my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 }) or die $DBI::errstr; print "Opened database successfully\n"; my $stmt = qq(UPDATE COMPANY set SALARY = 25000.00 where ID=1;); my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr; if( $rv < 0 ) { print $DBI::errstr; } else { print "Total number of rows updated : $rv\n"; } $stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;); my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt ); $rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr; if($rv < 0) { print $DBI::errstr; } while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) { print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n"; print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n"; print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n"; print "SALARY = ". $row[3] ."\n\n"; } print "Operation done successfully\n"; $dbh->disconnect();
执行上述程序时,将产生以下结果。
Opened database successfully Total number of rows updated : 1 ID = 1 NAME = Paul ADDRESS = California SALARY = 25000 ID = 2 NAME = Allen ADDRESS = Texas SALARY = 15000 ID = 3 NAME = Teddy ADDRESS = Norway SALARY = 20000 ID = 4 NAME = Mark ADDRESS = Rich-Mond SALARY = 65000 Operation done successfully
删除操作
以下 Perl 代码显示了如何使用 DELETE 语句删除任何记录,然后从 COMPANY 表中获取并显示剩余的记录 –
#!/usr/bin/perl use DBI; use strict; my $driver = "SQLite"; my $database = "test.db"; my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database"; my $userid = ""; my $password = ""; my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 }) or die $DBI::errstr; print "Opened database successfully\n"; my $stmt = qq(DELETE from COMPANY where ID = 2;); my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr; if( $rv < 0 ) { print $DBI::errstr; } else { print "Total number of rows deleted : $rv\n"; } $stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;); my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt ); $rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr; if($rv < 0) { print $DBI::errstr; } while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) { print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n"; print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n"; print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n"; print "SALARY = ". $row[3] ."\n\n"; } print "Operation done successfully\n"; $dbh->disconnect();
执行上述程序时,将产生以下结果。
Opened database successfully Total number of rows deleted : 1 ID = 1 NAME = Paul ADDRESS = California SALARY = 25000 ID = 3 NAME = Teddy ADDRESS = Norway SALARY = 20000 ID = 4 NAME = Mark ADDRESS = Rich-Mond SALARY = 65000 Operation done successfully